Intrinsic Elements of Drama

The intrinsic elements of drama is not quite different from prose. It also has Plot, Setting, Character and Characterization, and Theme. However, besides those elements you found in prose, Drama has its own intrinsic elements different from other literature such as Blocking, Conversation/Dialogue, and Acting.

Here are the description of the intrinsic elements of drama:
Theme
Plot
Setting
Character/Actor
Blocking
Dialogue
Acting 
Message
Language

Since I haven't been active writing about english literature anymore, for the above post you can check the detail in a book titled An Introduction to Literature: Fiction, Poetry and Drama by Sylvan Barnet, William Burto and Morton Berman.

Notes:
Do not try to find/download the ebook provided/you found on the internet. Most of them are fake websites that asked you to fill in some survey that cannot be proven to be true.

The Three Levels of Hegemony

In the present time, the concept of Hegemony by Gramsci is more developed. It is rarely noticed that Gramsci speaks of three different levels, or types, of hegemony. However, Femia in his book Gramsci’s Political Thought already makes an explanation that hegemony is divided into three types. The first type, the highest level, of hegemony is integral hegemony. He explains that “in paradigm case, which we can call integral hegemony; mass affiliation would approach unqualified commitment” (1981: 46).

The second type of hegemony is called decadent hegemony. It happens when the ruling classes are not fully controlling the ruled classes. Femia explains it:

But in modern capitalist society, Gramsci claims, bourgeois economic dominance, whether or not it faces serious challenge, has become outmoded (no longer is it capable of representing or furthering) everyone's interest. Neither is it capable of commanding unequivocal allegiance from the non-elite: "as soon as the dominant group has exhausted its function, the ideological bloc tends to decay. Thus, the potential for social disintegration is ever-present: conflict lurks just beneath the surface. In spite of the numerous achievements of the system, the needs, inclinations, and mentality of the masses are not truly in harmony with the dominant ideas. Though widespread, cultural and political integration is fragile; such a situation might be called decadent hegemony (1981: 47).

Femia then called the third level of hegemony as the “lowest form of hegemony ... [which is labeled] minimal hegemony” (1981: 47). He adds that “this type of hegemony rests on the ideological unity of the economic, political and intellectual elites along with ‘aversion to any intervention of the popular masses in State life’” (1981: 47).

The lowest level of hegemony is formed because the ruling classes start to lose their domination toward the ruled. In order to maintain their last control, the ruling classes have to give an extra intention to the ruled class. This action will minimize the ruled classes’ protest. Sometimes, the ruling classes have to invite the ruled classes to work together with them or to do something that will make the ruled class believe that the ruling classes are good people and caring to them.

Femia then adds:

The dominant economic groups do not 'accord their interests and aspirations with the interests and aspirations of other classes'. Rather, they maintain their rule through trasformismo, the practice of incorporating the leaders - "cultural, political, social, and economic" - of potentially hostile groups into the elite network, the result being 'the formation of an ever broader ruling class. The inducements used may range from mere flattery to offers of employment in administration to the granting of substantial power in decision-making (1981: 47-48).

It can be concluded that hegemony is the acts of dominant class to control their domination towards the ruled class without using forces. They maintain their domination through economic, education, politic and ideology. The ruling class or the dominant class is divided into two kinds of people. The first one is called the State. The state is people who are in charge in the government. They control the society of ruled class using their power in the government. Their actions are dominated in political aspects of domination. The second ruling class is civil society who maintains their domination using another aspect, especially economic.

The three levels of hegemony are Integral hegemony, decadent hegemony and Minimal hegemony. Integral hegemony can be seen in a society which shows the superpower ruling class rule the other society without having resistance from them. The decadent hegemony shows the hegemony where the ruling class has to give some spaces for the ruled class to do what they want in order to maintain their domination. The third level of hegemony, minimal hegemony, can be seen when the ruling class gets resistance from the ruled class continuously.

Sources:
Femia, Joseph. Gramsci’s Political thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and The revolutionary Process. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

Concepts of Hegemony

The concepts of hegemony have been used for a long time now to refer to the idea of existence of dominance by one social group. It was first used by Italian Communist Antonio Gramsci who had been imprisoned by Mussolini up to his death in 1926. He supported this concept with the idea of emergence of new elite which was followed by a change of men's consciousness. He reasoned that a class that is politically dominant is also ideologically dominant meaning that it keeps its position because the dominated class accepts its moral and intellectual leadership (Forms of United States Power and the Concept of Hegemony, 2012: par. 9)

There is a ruling group which acquires a degree of consent from the subordinate group without using force to maintain their domination. The concept of hegemony itself has been used widely in many places to refer to any form of dominance through culture and non-military. In an essay entitled Forms of United States Power and the Concept of Hegemony, the concept of hegemony is described as follows:

The concept of hegemony can be described in many fronts all which refer to the way dominance is created. For example it can be achieved through the use of institutions in a bid to formalize power, the use of bureaucracy which makes others see power as abstract, and in other manners. It can also be achieved through the articulation of hard power over others like the use of military or imposition of economic sanctions (2012: par. 10).

In his theory, Gramsci splits the ruling class into two major levels, “civil society” and “state”. Mastroianni says in his essay that:

The one that can be called ‘civil society,’ that is the ensemble of organisms commonly called ‘private’ and that of ‘political society,’ or ‘the State.’" Civil society includes organizations such as churches, trade unions, and schools, which as Gramsci notes are typically thought of as private or non-political (Mastroianni, 2002: par. 4).

The second level of the ruling class is State. It is said in Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci that “state is the entire complex of practical and theoretical activities with which the ruling class not only justifies and maintains its dominance, but manages to win the active consent of those over whom it rules” (1992: 244).


Sources:
Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from Prison Notebooks. edited and translated by Quintin Hoare & Goffrey Nowell Smith. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971.
Forms of US power and the concept of hegemony. Uk Essay: International Essay, 2012. <http://ukessays.com/essays/international-studies/hegemony.php>
 

Intrinsic Elements of Prose

Rene Wellek dan Austin Warren, in their Theory of Literature, define intrinsic analysis as “the interpretation and analysis of the works of literature themselves” (1977:139). Just like Poetry, Prose as one of a literature works also has these kinds of elements which are quite different from poems, of course.

The following are some intrinsic elements of prose I have been studied, related to the literature work once I analyze using Antonio Gramsci's Theory of Hegemony:

• Theme

Theme is the main idea of a story. It must represent the whole part of the story as it is a basic development of a whole story. From reading the whole story, it can be easy to reveal the theme of the novel.
Brown and Olmsted in Language and Literature mentioned that:

The term theme is used in several different ways in literary criticism. Sometimes it means the ‘subject’ of the work, what it is “about”. More often it refers to some central preposition, or set of ideas, which the author presumably had in mind and around which he built his poem or story or play (1962:222).

The Theory of Gramsci's Hegemony

Theory of Hegemony introduced by Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937), an Italian Marxist theoretician and politician.

This post will try to define what is Hegemony cited from some sociology books and writings. In short, Hegemony is domination of one group/people to other groups in a society in some aspects such as economy/social/military which is not using a forced way to obtain it and even the dominated group will obey any instruction/requests from the dominant group without any question the reason to what they have to do.

As noted in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Hegemony is a “control and leadership especially by one country over others within a group; social/economic/military hegemony” (2009: 555). It is stated in Literary Theory: an Anthology edited by Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan that in hegemony “power can be maintained without force if the consent of the dominated can be obtained through education and through other kinds of cultural labor on the part of such intellectuals as priests and journalists” (2004: 157).

Analysis of Secular and Religious Opinion About Abortion in Keely and Du

Secular and Religion Crash in Abortion Issue in Keely and Du

Background of the study
Keely and Du is a drama that presents something very controversial topic of performance among the world community from the past until now. Abortion is an issue that is always discussed around the world ranging from families to government circles, starting from the academic to the realm of religion.

There are several views of abortion-related issues. Two opinions are the most obvious is visible between prolife groups that emphasize the protection of infants to be born alive with prochoice which is more partial to the mother's choice to abort the pregnancy or not.

Purpose of the study
The purpose of this paper is to indicate the presence of some views on abortion that is seen in the drama Keely and Du. The two views are essentially representing the view that exists in real society. Both views that will lead the audiences to deliver their opinion on the abortion issue.

Scope of the study
Problems faced by the main character of this drama are associated with abortion and then bring in some effort to oppose abortion as a form of attitude that prefers prolife. The two arguments/views contained in the play can be represented by the two sides of the religious groups with secular groups. So, this paper will discuss only the two parties in response to an issue of abortion.

Socioanalysis of Chimney Sweeper

Socioanalysis of Chimney Sweeper

Sociology of literature (socioliterature) is a science that examines the literature related to its relationship with human life (society). sociology of literature is divided into four categories, namely: the sociology of literature, sociology reader of literature, sociology of the author and sociology of production-consumption. however, among the four categories, sociology of literature is most often used to analyze a work of literature by academics.

Definition of Prose

Prose

Prose is a term for a narrative story that is prepared with the language and it has a particular storyline. The word prose comes from the Latin word which means "frank." Type of prose writing is usually used to describe a fact or idea. Therefore, the prose can be used for newspapers, magazines, novels, articles, letters, and various other media types. Basically write a story based on personal experience or someone else is prose. Prose is a literary form of writing, consists of the flow of narrative and dialogue between characters. Prose, as well as poetry can be formed from personal experience, others, or from the author's imagination. Prose is a literary work that is growing from time to time. Several types of stories included in prose, among others, tragedy, anecdote, fable, novel, short story, etc.

Prose just like poetry, as a literary work, has elements of intrinsic and extrinsic. However, unlike the one on poetry, prose forming elements tend to be more easily found if a reader has completed reading of a prose. This is because the prose has a lot of words composed by a certain path, which can carry a reader's imagination to create a scene by scene directed by the author, with a particular theme. The results of this imagination, readers can find out what it intends to be submitted by the author in his work, without having to repeatedly read a prose. This is very different from the way we understand a poem that should be read over and over again in order to determine the meaning contained in it. In addition, we also must know the elements of supporters from outside the relevant author (extrinsic) for the meaning we did not miss.

The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Elements of poetry

The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Elements of poetry

1. Intrinsic element
intrinsic element of poetry is an element contained in a poem, which is used by analysts in studying and understanding the meaning of a poem. There are several intrinsic elements in poetry:

a. Imagery

-          Visual Imagery

Visual imagery is the imagery that can be gained from the experience of the senses of sight (eyes).

-          Kinesthetic Imagery

Kinesthetic imagery is the imagery produced from an experience that form of movement.

-          Auditory Imagery

Auditory imagery is the element of imagery associated with the sense of hearing.

-          Organic Imagery

Organic imagery is the imagery that emerged from our minds. Organic imagery can be seen in the disclosure of feelings such as hunger, thirst, fatigue, drunkenness, etc.

Definition of Poetry

What is poetry?

In general, poetry is a work composed of words, either spoken or written. All human beings and civilization has known poem from the time even before BC. They are derived from modern society to the people who are still primitive. Poetry is the work that can be enjoyed by everyone, whether they work as doctors, employees, professors, teachers, students, etc. The poem can be enjoyed as a work full of meaning, and as a means to release tension, as entertainment. For poets, poetry is a medium to convey what he feels, what he experienced and found from the environment, or with what he imagine.

There are many definitions made by experts for poetry. They give the definition is in accordance with the experience they get. Thus, poetry can be interpreted by many and diverse meanings. For Perrine, poetry might be defined as a kind of languages that says more and says it more intensely than does ordinary language (1974:553). A poem is composed of beautiful words full of meaning with a beautiful arrangement that is so interesting to read and have deepest meaning in it. Just like Shakespeare’s thought, then he called the poem in a sonnet:

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.